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Gross, t. Schematic of cone of depression in a pumping well. United States Geological Survey public domain. Groundwater Foundation. Anthropogenic pollution sources. Gurdak, J. Hydrogeology Journal, 18, pp. Hossain, M. Microplastic contamination in Penaeid shrimp from the Northern Bay of Bengal. Chemosphere, , pp. Koelmans, A. Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality.
Water Research, , pp. Knapp, K. Spatial dynamics of water and Nitrogen Management in irrigated agriculture. Lacy, P. Plastic is a global problem. World economic forum. Margat, J. Groundwater around the world. Martin, M. Martinez, R. Phosphate-Mediated Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides. Advances in Ecology, , pp. Michalsen, M. Biostimulation achieved rapid RDX degradation and sustained groundwater cleanup level for years, even following RDX addition from contaminatewd vadose zone.
Submitted January Mintenig, S. Science of the total environment, , pp. Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-fourier transform infrared imaging. Groundwater and PFAS: state of knowledge and practice. Owor, M. Rainfall intensity and groundwater recharge: empirical evidence from the Upper Nile Basin. Environmental Research Letters, 4 3 , pp.
Panno, S. Microplastic contamination in karst groundwater systems. Groundwater, 57 2. Pichtel, J. Prata, J. Airborne micropklastics: Consequences to human health. Environmental Pollution, , pp. Rosansky, S. Personal communication regarding supercritical water oxidation processing rates. Battelle Memorial Institute, July 6.
Ross, N. Clearing the waters, a focus on water quality solutions. United Nations Environmental Programme. Smith, M. Spring — Managing groundwater sustainability. Strand, J. Analysis of microplastic particles in Danish drinking water. Scientific report from Danish centre for environment and energy. Taylor, R. Personal communication regarding the relationship between climate change and extreme storm events. August Increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases from climate change: evidence from urban communities supplied by groundwater in Uganda.
Groundwater and Climate in Africa. Proceedings of the Kampala Conference, Uganda, , Nitrogen source reduction to protect groundwater. Groundwater remediation and management of nitrate with a focus on Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley groundwater, Technical report 3.
Report for the state water resources control board report to the legislature. Groundwater remediation. Groundwater remediation and management of nitrate with a focus on Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley groundwater, Technical report 5.
Nitrogen sources and loading to groundwater with a focus on Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley groundwater, technical report 2. Vance, D. Remediation Journal, 26 1.
Vickner, S. A dynamic economic analysis of nitrate leaching in corn production under nonuniform irrigation conditions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80 2 , pp. Water Encyclopedia. Pollution of Groundwater. Microplastics in Drinking Water. Ziajahromi, S. Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for microplastics: Development of a new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics.
Water Research, 1 , pp. These point to inefficient management practices and an overall lack of adequate governance of this precious resource. In this context, a case of interest is the aquifer of the Mexicali Valley, located in northern Mexico with hydrological transboundary connections with the other side of the Mexico-US international border in the States of California and Arizona. Previous studies in the region have shown aquifer overexploitation, deterioration of water quality and decrease in aquifer recharge.
These problems reflect management issues including a lack of binational management, poor water-management practices by agricultural users, and insufficient systematic monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality. Diverse management instruments have been applied, however, these have not been enough to solve groundwater-related problems. This chapter analyzes the groundwater availability and sustainability of the Mexicali Valley Aquifer MVA , their current governance and management practices through the systematic review of legal and institutional frameworks, the implemented management mechanisms, and the binational cooperation.
The groundwater use regime is not sustainable, the aquifer loss of storage and depletion increases between 0. Moreover, international treaties do not include the sharing of water resources on an aquifer scale and are minimally considered in the minutes derived of these treaties. To cope with these issues, it is recommended to prepare monitoring protocols of groundwater extractions and made periodic measurements of water level, and changes in storage and water quality, to ensure accurate water balances for informed aquifer management decisions.
Keywords Governance, groundwater, management, aquifer, Mexicali Valley Transboundary Aquifer Management 01 Introduction Water security is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. This precious natural resource is indeed being stressed by many compelling factors, such as climate change, population growth and other anthropogenic activities, all of which increase the risk of water scarcity, especially in arid zones.
Therefore, identifying and understanding current and future risks of water are important in the decision-making process in the management and governance of this resource Nair, This situation has generated important benefits, especially economic, but has also had negative effects on the groundwater reserves Gleeson et al. Despite the importance of groundwater, in some regions of the world, the monitoring is null and its management poor Famiglietti, Meanwhile, most of the main aquifers are suffering negative effects such as decrease in water table Richey et al.
Like other areas of the world, such as India, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, Mexico is not exempt from problems related to groundwater Gleeson et al. In Mexico, one of the initial measures implemented for groundwater resources management was the geographic delimitation of natural hydrogeological units into administrative aquifers areas.
Currently, of these aquifers have a condition of overexploitation, 32 have saline soils and brackish water, 18 have salinity intrusion CONAGUA, c. Of the aquifers, 18 are transboundary aquifers 11 on the northern border with the United States and 6 on the southern border with Belize and Guatemala , of which 6 have some condition of overexploitation and 7 have saline soils, brackish water presence or marine intrusion UNESCO, However, since the s when the irrigation surface increased in the MVA, the amount described in the treaty became a limitation for development.
This limitation prompted an important increase in well drilling in the Mexican portion of the transboundary aquifer during and for irrigation purposes. This uncontrolled pumping began to affect the water levels in the Mexicali Valley, creating a continuous decrease. This review article discusses the insights of the Mexican legislation, water laws, institutions, programs, and plans, as they relate to groundwater on the Mexican-side of the MVA.
The work discusses existing practices of groundwater governance of the Mexicali Valley Aquifer. This paper is mainly focused on the Mexican-side of the much larger transboundary aquifer of Lower Colorado River Basin.
Other aspects and effects of the transboundary nature of the MVA are currently under study with a unified hydrogeological conceptual model. In that study, a conceptual framework is proposed integrating data and information from both sides of the international border, and it will be published separately Cital et al. Identifying and understanding current and future risks of water are important in the decision- making process in the management and governance9 A Governance Panorama of an Aquifer in a Semi-arid Region, Mexico 02 Study Area The geohydrological extension of the Lower Colorado River Basin Aquifer a transboundary aquifer is 29, km2.
The study area is in the northwestern side of Mexico and southeastern part of the United States. This region is characterized by extreme weather, having long dry periods. Average annual precipitation is low 65 mm per year in contrast to the average potential evaporation that exceeds 2, mm per year CONAGUA, a. Consequently, aquifer recharge by precipitation is practically nil Feirstein et al. In the study area there are two main sources of water: 1 the Colorado River, governed through the International Treaty of ; and, 2 the Mexicali Valley Aquifer.
The most important economic activity in the study area is agriculture, where cyclical and perennial crops are developed, making this region one of the most important irrigation districts in Mexico. The irrigation district is called Rio Colorado and is made up of 22 irrigation modules Figure The floodplain of the Colorado River in the MVA is a 1,meter-thick layer of recent unconsolidated granular materials, mainly silts, sands, clays, and gravels from the Holocene Olmsted et al.
Figure Study area. The MVA stands out for being one of the most productive aquifers in Mexico. In relation to groundwater governance, the problems are: 1 lack of a binational and regional water management; 2 consequences of poor water- management practices by agricultural users; 3 the transfer of water concessions between different sectors; and 4 the lack of systematic measurements of the volume extracted from the aquifer Caballero, ; Cortez-Lara, As a result, the water balance of the MVA is imprecise and based on old data Table However, these efforts have not been enough to constrain overexploitation and water quality deterioration.
Other initiatives have been the establishment of participation mechanisms such as the Basin Councils. Therefore, it is important to carry out an analysis of the current governance and management of the MVA and identify possible management tools that can contribute to solving the current groundwater issues.
Groundwater Pumping and Use The groundwater pumping in the MVA from its inception has never been measured systematically; the data available correspond to approximate estimates made from groundwater concessions.
This trend only lasted 8 years as negative effects were observed Ariel Construcciones S. To minimize these negative effects Ariel Construcciones S. A proposed to decrease groundwater extraction and the definition of areas for new wells in the Valley. The historical trend of groundwater pumping in the Mexican portion of the aquifer Mexicali Valley and San Luis Rio Colorado aquifers is shown in Figure In relation to the uses of water, agricultural stands out as the largest user of groundwater in the MVA.
Seventy-six percent The efficiency of conveyance and distribution to the major user, Irrigation District , is The outputs correspond mainly to groundwater pumping, groundwater discharge along the northern and southern borders and surface discharge to the New, Hardy, and Colorado Rivers Ariel Construcciones S.
Due to the lack of systematic devices to measure pumping rates in the wells, the volume extracted from the aquifer is not precisely known. Groundwater Availability and Sustainability Two indicators have been used to measure the availability of groundwater in the MVA.
This is used for measuring the depletion of groundwater storage in a groundwater system and the outflow caused by elevated rates of withdrawal in relation to a renewable supply Rivera, RWD values near zero indicate a low degree of human- induced flow stress on natural systems. Values higher than one indicate that the net withdrawals exceed natural inflows, denoting water-use regimes that are likely to be unsustainable over the long run Rivera, Data Sources: Ariel Construcciones S.
Negative values of SC indicate conditions of storage depletion, and storage accretion is reflected in positive values of SC. This situation has been reflected in the aquifer depletion which is between 0. This section describes the legal and institutional frameworks, implemented management mechanisms, and binational cooperation in the study area. Legal Framework The legal framework is based on the principle established in Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States which declares that the waters of the territory, including groundwater and others, are owned by the Nation.
As a Republic, the States and municipalities have their own laws too. The applicable laws regarding the management, administration, and protection of water resources are listed below. Figure Law and regulations applicable to the groundwater in the study area.
These include rights and obligations of the government institutions and water users, as well the mechanisms of water management; some of them include regulation for the protection of water quality. However, none of these regulations in force is specific to groundwater.
Institutional Framework In Mexico, the institutional framework of water administration and management is centralized. CONAGUA operates and applies the public laws in matters of management of national waters and it is the main water agency that provides groundwater concessions and supervises the protection of water quality in accordance with National Water Law LAN. The International Boundary and Water Commission IBWC is the binational Mexico-United States agency that works with territorial limits, surface and groundwater, water quality, water sanitation, and projects related to international crossings between Mexico and the United States GobMex, Modified from Constantino et al.
However, Article in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States establishes that the governments of municipalities should manage the water services in the cities Consititucion Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, , thus, in Baja California this article does not apply. In the Mexicali Valley, the Irrigation District Rio Colorado is made up of 22 irrigation modules a module is a geographical area where water is delivered to users of the same user organization; these modules manage, operate and conserve hydraulic infrastructure within their area boundaries.
The District has hydraulic infrastructure for surface and groundwater wells and an irrigation network channels and drains. The Limited Responsibility Society SDRL , which operates the wells and the major irrigation network, consists of the presidents of the user associations modules , who oversee managing and operating the minor irrigation and drainage network. On the other hand, the Basin Councils are made up of members from academe, NGOS, governmental, and non- governmental institutions, society representatives, and others.
The Councils are responsible for coordination, agreement, support, consultation, and advice between CONAGUA, the agencies, entities of the federal, state or municipal instances, the representatives of water users, and associations of the society of the corresponding administrative hydrological region LAN, Figure shows the relations between the institutions.
Nevertheless, these inter and intra-institutional relationships do not always proceed in practice and the decision-making process is sometimes unilateral. Binational Cooperation Historical treaties have been applied in relation to transboundary surface water along the Mexico-USA border Wilder et al.
In that Treaty, 1, hm3 per year of surface water were allocated from the Colorado River to Mexico. In order to operationalize compliance with the Treaty, specific agreements are signed, called Minutes. Some of the most relevant are described below. IBWC, , pp. However, this Minute was not considered in the lining of the All-American Canal project in ; the decision was a unilateral decision by the United States.
Minute Minute has a significant importance for the improvement of binational water management in the Colorado River. Minute was written following persistent dry conditions in the Colorado River Basin and the earthquake in the Mexicali Valley.
In addition, Minute included protection of environmental flows of hm3 during the five-year term of the act, and the possibility of continued storage of water in dams upstream. Nevertheless, inter and intra-institutional relationships do not always proceed in practice and the decision- making process is sometimes unilateral9 A Governance Panorama of an Aquifer in a Semi-arid Region, Mexico As an extension of these cooperative measurements, Minute was created in to be implemented for a 7-year period.
Management Instruments Several water management instruments are defined in the legal framework, particularly by the National Water Law; these are: National and States Hydraulic Programs, water concessions, pumping restrictions types, the Public Registry of Water Rights REPDA , the integrated aquifer management plan, and the National Water Information System, the update of the annual average availability of groundwater per aquifer, among others.
National and States Hydraulic Programs The strategies and line of actions for public policies to achieve the adequate governance of water resources has been captured in the National and States Hydraulic Programs. At the national scale, the main goal is to promote and to strengthen the governance and governability of water. The actions include sorting the use of water according to the priority established in the LAN, modernizing and expanding the measurement of the water cycle, increasing the social and academic participation in the decision-making process to decrease the conflict risk, and meeting the demands for information SEMARNAT, These strategies are mostly aimed at the management, modernization, and improvement of water quality, but they have not been successful to date due to structural, operational, political, and economic factors, as well as the lack of systematic monitoring in the aquifers.
In the States Hydraulic Program, various projects and goals were established for the aquifers. In addition to the established strategies, emphasis is placed on the management of shared water resources, including transboundary aquifers.
Management of these aquifers requires the creation of new international treaties and monitoring of the implementation of existing treaties. However, these programs are updated in each government period so they are not given continuity to become established, and goals and strategies lack alignment with the management plans for the USA-portion of the aquifer, in the states of Arizona and California.
This act emphasizes sustainable yield, which defines the maximum amount of groundwater that can be extracted without causing adverse effects. This amount is based on six indicators with the objective of evaluating the metrics defined in the Regulations for Groundwater Sustainable Plan SGMA, Thus, the multi-jurisdictional and numerous asymmetries among the four states and two countries sharing the same aquifer prevent a truly international vision, cooperation, and management of the transboundary aquifer, of which the MVA is an important component.
Water Concessions According to the National Water Law, water concessions represent the titles for exploitation and use of groundwater. To grant the concession, CONAGUA must consider the current condition of the aquifer in terms of available volume; in addition, the user must expressly indicate the conditions of variability of the water source from which the extraction will be carried out.
The water concessions are valid for 5 to 30 years LAN, As stated by the National Water Law it is not possible to extract volumes of water that are greater than the authorized volumes in the concession. This condition is impossible to guarantee in the MVA wells because they do not have flow meters.
Public Registry of Water Rights The registry provides information and legal security to users of national waters, including groundwater.
It shows the name of the user, the type of use and the volume of water extracted, the location of the well, and the name of the aquifer. However, the information is not corroborated with measurements of the volumes of groundwater withdrawn from wells, so it does not accurately reflect actual information Kuri, Veda The groundwater extractions in the MVA have been restricted since This restriction establishes that the capacity of the aquifer allows limited withdrawals for domestic, industrial, and other uses.
It also indicates that no one may extract groundwater in the restricted area for pumping zona vedada or modify existing uses without prior written permission from CONAGUA, which only grants permission in those cases in which studies conclude that damages will not be caused DOF, Unfortunately, the plan is not yet public, its contents are unknown, and it is not clear if it is already being applied.
Other transboundary aspects and effects of the full LCRB are currently under study separately, with a unified hydrogeological conceptual model, and are not discussed here. The Mexican legal and institutional frameworks and existing instruments for management are reviewed within the Mexican perspective of groundwater governance.
Existing binational instruments Minutes are briefly reviewed to evaluate the international context of groundwater-use practices along the border with the United States of America. On the Mexican side, groundwater governance issues abound, mostly related to overexploitation of groundwater in the Mexicali Valley.
Mexican laws and regulations on groundwater exist, but they cannot be complied due to the lack of aquifer monitoring and groundwater extractions measurements. Although the tasks of the principal Mexican water agency CONAGUA are well defined in the existing regulations, this federal agency does not have the financial and staff capacity to enforce the regulations entirely.
A strategy that has worked partially to solve the lack of funds is collaborating with academic centers, such as the University of Baja California, using federal or other funding sources. Perfectly centered on a broad flan. Among the finest known. Ex Gasvoda Collection, purchased from Edward J.
Waddell inv. AR Didrachm 22mm, 8. XXXI, 17 same obv. Lovely old cabinet toning, a couple of die breaks. Gelon I.
Struck circa BC. Toned, some roughness. Superb late archaic style. Cowan Collection, purchased from Jonathan Kern, 14 April Ex Leu inventory ; ticket included. AR Tetradrachm 24mm, Lightly toned, minor double strike. Very rare with unpublished dies, neither are present in the Comiso, Ognina, Randazzo, or Selinute hoards.
Hieron I. Dark iridescent tone, slight die shift on reverse. Toned, light scratches and marks on reverse. Well struck. Second Democracy. AR Tetradrachm 26mm, AR Tetradrachm 29mm, Toned, die breaks, a few spots of roughness. Near VF. Lightly toned, typical compact flan, a couple minor die breaks on reverse. Classical Numismatic Group Dies signed by Eumenes.
Lightly toned, underlying luster, minor flan flaws, slightly off center and minor doubling on reverse. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 5 June Dionysios I. AR Dekadrachm 32mm, Unsigned dies in the style of Euainetos. Gallatin dies R. Toned, compact flan, minor die shift, minor flan flaws on reverse.
Ex Pegasi X 5 May , lot Timoleon and the Third Democracy. AR Stater Pegasi 1; HGC 2, Lovely iridescent cabinet tone, flan crack, some roughness on reverse, light chipping along edge. In spite of its flaws, this is a stunning coin in hand. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 28 September Old cabinet tone, compact flan, some roughness, scratches under tone on reverse.
Newell Bequest ; Edward T. Newell Collection. Toned, traces of find patina. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 3 June Philistis, wife of Hieron II.
AR 16 Litrai — Tetradrachm Deep iridescent tone, light marks, slight wave in flan. Cowan Collection, purchased from Kirk Davis, 4 February Fifth Democracy. AR 12 Litrai 23mm, Toned, trace deposits, overstruck on uncertain type. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 11 September Campanian mercenaries. AR Litra 11mm, 0. AR Litra 9mm, 0. Lightly toned, a little porosity.
AV Stater Carthage mint. Some light scratches and slight die shift on reverse. According to legend, upon landfall of her wandering band, Dido approached the local Berber chieftain requesting a bit of land for their refuge. Dido went on to become the first queen of Carthage, which quickly grew in wealth to become a maritime powerhouse in the western Mediterranean. Military and naval leadership was concentrated in a few wealthy families, mainly the Magonids and Barcids.
In the s BC, Carthage sought to wrest control of Sicily from the Greeks, leading to two centuries of bitter warfare. Fortresses and mints were established at diverse places to produce coins used to pay the largely mercenary army. Gold Coinage Carthage struck its first gold staters between and BC. These were of a nearly pure alloy and, at about 9. The obverse bore the image of the goddess Tanit, chief deity of Carthage, her hair wreathed in grain ears and her neck encircled by a multi-pendant necklace.
Varying numbers of pellets provided quality control at the mint. These beautiful coins represented a huge amount of buying power and attracted thousands of professional soldiers from many cities and tribal affiliations into Carthaginian service. As time went on, Carthaginian staters were debased with silver and reduced in weight--hence the much more numerous Carthage staters produced after BC are now termed electrum.
Carthage also struck silver, billon and bronze coins, both at its main North African mint and at its fortress cities in Sicily and Spain. The main purpose of all these coins was to pay the Carthaginian army and navy.
Starting in BC, Carthage and Rome fought three titanic wars that produced more death and destruction than any other world conflict before the 20th century. In the Second Punic War BC , the great Carthaginian general Hannibal nearly destroyed Roman power with a string of devastating victories, but he was unable to deliver the coup de gras and eventually lost the final battle, and the war, at Zama on the outskirts of Carthage in BC.
Despite a punitive peace treaty, Carthage once again recovered its prosperity. Rome responded by preemptively attacking and utterly destroying the city in BC.
A few light marks and scuffs. EL Stater 19mm, 7. Lightly toned, some die wear on reverse. BI Dishekel 28mm, Toned, small area of weak strike. Good silver content. BI Dishekel 26mm, MAA 44 var. Dark green-brown patina. Very rare with symbol of Tanit. BI Shekel Darkly toned, softly struck. Florange, AR Quarter Shekel 15mm, 1.
Toned, small patch of find patina. BI Tridrachm Well centered, and good silver for issue. Anokhin ; Karyshkovskij p. Green and brown patina, light earthen deposits. AR Tetradrachm 22mm, EF, iridescent toning, some porosity. Extremely rare, the second known of this issue, and the only one with clear types. The previous known example, from Ars Classica XIII, is horribly preserved, with some tooling on the reverse obscuring the bent foreleg of the goat as well as the flower.
May, Ainos var. Excellent metal. Ex Classical Numismatic Group 36 5 December , lot AV Stater 19mm, 8. In the name and types of Lysimachos. Marinescu — unlisted monogram, but obv.
Toned, minor doubling and slightly off center on reverse. Extremely rare. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 9 February Circa s BC. Ikesio—, magistrate. Even deep gray tone, trace of blue-green deposits, area of flat strike on reverse.
Choregos, magistrate. Underlying luster. Finely executed dies with the obverse struck in high relief. AR Tetradrachm 34mm, Ex Classical Numismatic Group 57 4 April , lot Circa ss BC. AR Stater 23mm, The conventional placement of Orthagoreia in Macedon is perplexing. Both of the only ancient literary sources, Strabo 7a. The traditional attribution dates back to Eckhel ii. Head and others reiterated this attribution, while P. Gardner History of Ancient Coinage, p. With a large quantity of bronze issues of Orthagoreia appearing in the excavations at Maroneia, S.
Psoma devoted a chapter of her work on the coin finds of Maroneia to review the totality of evidence on the city Psoma, Maroneia, pp. She convincingly argues that Orthagoreia was founded in the vicinity of cape Serrhion by Philip II, in connection with his campaigns in Thrace in the s BC. Evidence suggests that the city was originally populated with Macedonian settlers and was later synoecized with Maroneia near the end of the 4th century BC.
No evidence of the city exists from the Hellenistic period, so it appears that Orthagoreia did not flourish after the time of Alexander, and was eventually abandoned or destroyed. AR Hemidrachm 12mm, 2.
Schwabacher, Fund 9; HGC 6, Dark find patina. AR Eighth Stater — Diobol Toned, slight granularity. Well centered and fine style. Ex Tkalec 28 October , lot EF, toned. Struck from fine style, high relief dies. Ex Gasvoda Collection; Nomos 11 9 October , lot 47 incorrect obverse die noted. AR Drachm 19mm, 4. Abydos mint. Thompson 70 and 75 tetradrachm ; cf. HGC 3, for type. EF, toned, off center on obverse, minor die shift on reverse. Unique lifetime drachm of Lysimachos type from Abydos.
CNG , lot ; no lifetime issues are recorded. Ephesos mint. Toned, trace die rust on obverse, slight die shift on reverse. Lightly toned, underlying luster, a little die rust on obverse, slight die shift on reverse. AR Stater 21mm, 8. Peykov A; HPM pl. Toned, a couple light marks on reverse. Good metal for issue. AR Stater 20mm, 9. Deep cabinet tone. AR Diobol? Attractively toned, hairline flan crack, a hint of die wear on obverse. Well centered and good metal.
AR Tetrobol Exceptional for issue. Toned, slight die wear, fine cleaning marks on reverse. Very rare with ring. AR Hemidrachm 14mm, 1. Chian standard. Alexander I. Light standard. Aigai mint. Toned, minor roughness.
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 82 16 September , lot Philip II. Amphipolis mint. Attractively toned, granular surfaces. Fine style and well struck. AV Distater 22mm, Edge marks, tiny die break in field on obverse, small scrape on reverse. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 14 February In the name of Alexander III. Arados mint. Attractive iridescent toning.
Philip III Arrhidaios. Struck under Antipater, circa BC. Price ; Troxell, Studies, Issue H2. Attractive old deep iridescent tone. In the types of Philip II. Pella mint. Rare with head left. In the name and types of Alexander III. Price ; Moore 88—94 var. Some faint cleaning scratches on obverse. Perfectly centered and struck, fine style. The style of the dies of this particular piece clearly reflects the work of a master engraver. The obverse is rendered in a delicate manner that has a lifelike character unseen in most Alexander tetradrachms.
Most salient is the reverse. This feature is only known on two dies for this issue, one used for this coin, while the other struck the reverse of ANS Only one other coin is known with this feature, struck from the same dies as the present coin, sold as lot 34 in an unknown sale in October its illustration is preserved in the ANS photofile. Babylon mint. Price P Philip III — Kassander. AV Stater 18mm, 8. In the name and types of Philip II. Amphipolis mint? Lustrous, a couple marks and small deposit at edge, tiny flan flaw on reverse.
Rare issue, Le Rider notes only six examples with this control mark. Ex Cederlind 18 December , lot 33; Cederlind 18 December , lot Antigonos I Monophthalmos.
Susa mint. Price Toned, minor deposits, small flan flaw on obverse. Price same rev. Lustrous surfaces, fine cleaning marks and small die flaw on obverse. Exceptional for issue, struck from fresh dies.
Demetrios I Poliorketes. AR Tetradrachm 30mm, Dark iridescent tone. Antigonos III Doson. Underlying luster, some die wear. Philip V. Pella or Amphipolis mint; Zoilos, mintmaster. Mamroth, Philip 23; HGC 3, Toned, light scratch on obverse. Cowan Collection, purchased from Peus, 3 March Pella or Amphipolis mint; Zoilos, magistrate. Struck circa — BC.
Attractively toned, minor die shift on reverse. Well centered on a broad flan. Wonderful portrait. AR Tetradrachm 32mm, Pella or Amphipolis mint; Au-, mintmaster. Mamroth, Perseus 18b var. Toned, slight die shift and die wear on obverse.
Very rare with these control marks. Cowan Collection, purchased from Pegasi Numismatics, 8 September First Meris. Deeply toned, underlying luster, minor deposits on reverse. A very nice example of this type. Quaestor, circa BC. Uncertain mint. Lightly toned, with underlying luster, small edge flaw.
An attractive example of the type. Collection, Bavaria, acquired in Switzerland in the s. Astibos or Damastion mint. AR Stater 19mm, 8. Attractive old cabinet tone, some die wear on obverse, slightly off center on reverse. Ex Clarence S. AR Drachm 20mm, 4. Lykos, magistrate. Deeply toned, patches of find patina, old scratches under tone on reverse. Very rare issue, only one example noted by Franke the Copenhagen piece , none in CoinArchives.
This will also be a good time to test out your longrange communication systems. Shear rose up further turned from him, then boosted up and away. She spotted a flying vehicle of some sort off to her left and veered 90 degrees towards it. Aluminus shrugged. Make your approach then once identity is confirmed, well, be a Dear and introduce yourself. Dear me again, I'll strafe you, AL. AL-Luminus Switching channels for the meet and greet.
Aluminus grumbled, but could'nt help but to smile. He gives Soundbyte a thumbs-up Y. Meanwhile high above the ground, Shear drew closer to the aircraft in her sight. She awaits a response from the aircraft as she draws alongside it. Aluminus glances at his hookmounted Ironhide head, perched on his shoulder.
Fiddling with it's jaw mechanism. Skyscythe hears over his comm system Shear's call. Now where going for the element of suprise for when the attackers come. So i want u to follow me. Skyscythe fliess foward some more while Shear matches him in speed. SKyscythe transforms mid-air and acknowledges Shear to do so as well. Well were gonna go hide there and when the others arrive were gonna blast out and start shooting. Getting there in less than 2 mins.
Shear lands silently and retracts her propellors to standbye blades, followed by Skyscythe. He's a flyer, like you and Skyscythe. I got Soundbyte here for backup. She's an ally in battle, nothing more. You know I only have Optics for you!
My Dear I Prize all parts of you.. If anyone's doing the scrapping it's ME!! Shear walked towards where Skyscythe and Soundbyte stood. Aluminus stood back a bit, looked to the Ironhide head impaled on his hoisting hook. As he walked up, both Skyscythe and Shear suddenly transformed and jettted up hill from their position. Aluminus walks up, puzzled. Suondbyte explains the attack plan both flyers are going to act upon.
Aluminus shuddered and prayed Shear was over her Pyrophobia. Even though the Incident that caused it gave her a resistance to further harm of that type, he still worried for her sanity, and for Skyscythe as well. He was gonna be around her when Assuming a good vantage point for his attack point, he opens a channel to Shear's receiver. He hears her singing! Oh no.. Listen to me, okay? You've got to Try to what?
Then, in a voice a sweet as honey, but laced with poison. I no longer Burn, I Rock and Roll! Shear stood on the ledge, looking down at the red glow of the dormant volcano. She was hypnotized by the lazy red glow and the soothing rumble of this great earthen beast at her feet. Pity they had nothing quite like this on Cybertron. She saw her commlite blink twice. She looked over at Skyscythe, who tapped his wrist rapidly. She nods. We're secure down here, mouth o' the cave, no signs of hostiles.
How're you two holding up? Skyscythe nods, gives her the thumbs-up. Same here, now with that out of the way, how about radiosilence?
We can't stay concealed with you yammering away every four cycles! Switching off her radio she rests. She folds her arms in front of her. She rests her head on her arms, then she begins to sing, rocking slightly to the melody.
Aluminus leaned up against the cave wall. Rifle holstered, blade sheathed, hoistline and hook reeled in and headlaser convertting to Holoprojection. Letting his thoughts wander, he found himself veiwing a piece of his past. It seems like chores running errands for the Autobots, but believe me, we're making a difference! Can't you see for once, if there's anything to be done in this war that makes any real difference, it involves more than hiding and stockpiling? This fuel we're loading up He never looked back, he ran, he barely dodged the resulting blast furnace.
Only when he stopped to rest he saw her. No, it could'nt be! It was. Rising from the fires a crystal pheonix, catching the glow of the flames below her and glowing more intensely because of it, laughing maniacally. Then she landed, Aluminus ran up.
Something in her from day had changed forever more. She fell into his arms. He held her for a moment, feeling a sense of guilt. This once form of beauty now twisted and tragically sculpted to it's own natural design. Hearing an Autobot rescue team roll up, he threw her over his shoulder, transformed and rolled to his salvage yard. He'd fix her, Yes, then he'd fix them all. Both the weak and overphilosophical Autobots and the rash and unorganizeded Decepticons, would feel their combined might.
Aluminus switched off his holoprojector, and dropped his gaze to the floor, and sighed. Life was too short to dwell on past mishaps, and who knew how short his or Shear's lives were going to be?
At that moment, both he and Shear looked up and thought the same thing. Soultron flew up from inside the volcano and perched himself upon the ledge. His gazed focused on the giant ship headed towards the surface. It appeared to be several kilometers from their position and coming in quickly. Soultron's communicator signaled as a small node erected from his arm. How did you know they would come sir? For now, prepare to draw their fire. They will launch a counter attack as soon as they detect us.
I am picking up more signals here. I'm assuming your pods fell? Attack on my signal. Just as the Decepticons began to mobilize another flurry of fire dug into the wreckage of the Decepticon flagship.
Skyscythe, Soundbyte, Aluminus and Shear began engaging the Decepticons forces in hit and run tactics in attempt to draw the main forces away from Shockwave. Take cover, we have lost the advantage! Use it Soultron looked at the matrix. We are one now. Aluminus' mind raced. Shear and Skyscythe had taken flight from the mouth of the volcano, transformed and were off. Aluminus and Soundbyte nodded and acted upon their agreed-upon plan.
A Seeker flew overhead, firing wildly, causing the ground around them to explode. Soundbyte transformed and signalled rapidly for Aluminus to be at ready. She let loose a terrific blast of sonic energy which almost shook Aluminus from his stance. He shook off the effects and launched his hoistingline.
The hook, tipped with Ironhide's head seemed to have startled the Decepticon in midair as surely as the sound had stunned him! Ensnaring the stunned Decepticon, he brutally tugged it to the ground. Snarling, he drew his photon blade and charged at the fallen robot. It gasped and rolled out of his swinging arc, suffering only an external nick that surprised more than harmed it.
Die with some honor, you miserable pile of parts! He swung again, decapitating it. No time to revel in this small victory.
There was more of this battle to be fought if they ever expected a favorable outcome. Shear looped, dove, flipped, swirled practically danced around the incoming firepower from the Decepticon pursuing her. Skyscythe seemed busy with his own opponent.
She swooped up, blocking her adversary's veiw of the sun, eclipsing and mirroring it. Seeming as bright as it to his sensors, he never saw her transform and drop on him, locking her arm around his nosecone. With her other arm, she spun her chopperblades, and lowered them, sawing off one wing. She let him go to crash, blew a kiss, then transformed and flew off to pepper the air in front of her with a wide arc of turbine-shuriken charges.
Hopefully she'd have a few more kills from this manuever. Skyscythe was doing well. His experience in the field stood him in good stead. One question seemed to pull at him though.
On the ground level, Aluminus had repeated the same trick with varying degrees of success, using Soundbyte's Sonic Booms to down opponents while he savaged their metal frames with Blade, Gun, Headlaser, Fists and Feet, but he was tiring. He spied another stunned Decepticon, transformed and trying to stand.
Aluminus transformed, drove, charged and rammed him off his feet, then assumed robot form and pounced him! This robot put up more of a fight, either that or Aluminus' exhaustion was catching up to him.
He caught a fist to his face, knocking him off the enemy. Sitting up suddenly, he fired both his headmounted laser and rifle, holing the Decepticon straight through in the head and chest.
He slipped behind a rock face to rest up a bit, this was the most strenuous workout he'd had in Eons. Skyscythe was being chased by 2 Seeker jets. He slowed just a touch so the jets could think thye had him. He transformed mid-air. He turned slowly to attack. The 2 jets shot at him. He let his midsection take the brunt, as he had increased his shielding in that section. While the seekers reloaded. Skyscythe crossed his arms and grapped at his wingtips. He pulled metal shards he kept three and threw them at the seekers as he flew thru the middle of the 2.
He stopped with his back to the seekers. He clicked his fingers and the shards began to blow up within their casing. They fell to awaiting Aluminus. Soundbyte began pressing dials on her arm. The virus within Teletran One begin to do its work. At the Ark Teletrans Viewscreen. Aluminus having rested a nanocycle, refreshed and ready to kick taligate appeared from behind a rockpile.
Why dont you relax and stay awhile? He stumbled back. It fell over lifeless, smoking from it's new but totally fatal ventilation duct, installed courtesy of Aluminus. She scanned the ground action. Aluminus is hit!! She frantically bore down on the scene below her. She transformed and dropped like a spider behind a Decepticon, whipdrew her chopperblade and rammed it right through the enemybot's back until the bladetip erupted out it's chestplate!
She snarled and fired a few energy shuriken into it's prone form then glared at Aluminus! I won't be here to save your metal hide next time you slip up! She's loving this battle, as an Autobot she never lived for this amount of violence. Now she drinks it in as if it were the spilled fuel of her enemies intoxicating her. Will she then know the true architect of her fatal design? He turned his worries over to secondary mental proccesses and signalled Soundbyte to let loose another sonic attack and readied his hoisting hook to reel in another winner..
Aluminus begins to hear a rumble coming from the mountain. I put a virus into the weapons systems to shoot everyone except us! SHe's partnered with a Larger robot named Outflyer, who turns into large fighter plane. Missiles and Lassers create a criss cross maze in the air. At Teletran Weapons Energy Dipleted in Ten Mins.
Send Explorer for forms of energy. The Explorer sattelite goes out and looks for energy to use. He returns back quickly. Teletrans View Screen Aluminus looked up at the sky ablaze with Teletran's ship gun's firings.
I dont even have to fire at them anymore, just lead them to their deaths! Aluminus' feet lost contact with the ground! He curled up into a ball, drawing all his limbs together. Then Shear proceeded to use him as a wrecking ball, knocking down airborne Decepticons left and right.
A good idea, but after awhile this is gonna start to really hurt Shear swooped up, using Aluminus' curled up form as a large airborne fist for an uppercut that knocked two seeker's wings off, they frantically transformed and flew in robot form at them. Aluminus' peered from between his shielding arms and saw them in pursuit. You can drop me off here. I think I can catch a ride. Shear released his hook before he could finish saying. Now he fell. This has to be accurate or not at all. This had to be well done or he was finished.
This had to be He wound his hoisting line tightly around it while it struggled to shake him off. Aluminus then peeled back a panel behind teh cockpit and began pulling wires out. Suddenly the jet lost power!! NOw he had to act fast, faster than the ground coming up at them.
Now he had himself a flying vehicle!! A Non-transforming totally manueverable and armed, but cussing him out something fierce flying platform. Mastering the controls for his new mode of travel was way easier than he thought, it was the griping the captured seeker was emitting that was the downside. Once Shockwave.. Huh I cant hear you, you're breaking up. Aluminus recklessly shook the captured jet in midair, scaring it needlessly.
What in slag are you doing? Laughing mischeivously, he waved at Shear. She flew alongside. Say, what IS your name? Okay Updraft, we're gonna land, ready? Aluminus toggled his handmade wing-relays to force the jet into a steep decline to the earth below. Shear followed. The Seeker screamed in fear as suddenly, Aluminus kicked off the plumetting jet and leaped up to catch Shear's struts.
Shear slowed and descended. Transforming, she let Aluminus take a short drop to the ground and landed facing away from him. She looked up and saw decreasing aerial activity. It was entrancing, all that firepower above her. Powerful, beautiful.. She shook her head, were her auditories malfunctioning? Aluminus walked over to the smashed up remnants of his borrowed and wrecked transportation.
Now he was in robot mode and groaning , sparking and sizzling.. Can you hear me? Good I'll just assume you can. Behind him, Shear glared at the fallen warrior, and winked. Her cackling haunted and maddened the captor, who put his hands to his coreprocessors and screamed silently..
A Nightmare was unfolding.. The matrix's influence? Or my bad narrating? Soultron stood above the fluid stained rocks and marveled at the remains of his former commander. Shockwave's body had become, for the brief time in its existence, the vessel by which he had channeled hatred unlike any he had felt before.
However, even though Shockwave's spark had long since fled from this plane of existence, Soultron's fury was still not satisfied. I will destroy them all… Two explosions rocked Soultron forward causing him to tumble among the rocks. Shootdown and Sonicboom landed in front of him. Terminate him! A small squadron of seekers flew overhead and fired into Soultron's chest.
The mighty Decepticon buckled as the shots pierced his chest. Smoke escaped through his mouth as his body blackened and hit the ground.
Now we take care of the others. Updraft could have sobbed and teared up if he had the parts to. What was there he could really do? He agreed to his terms, only hoping what came afterwards was'nt worse than death itself. He Zaapppt was forcefully powered down. Flashes, Glimpses, Memories, old, new, then, now, where, when I got plans for you.
One, I am your Master. Two, you shall serve who I serve. Three, you are now remade, any and all parts of Updraft and the bot he was are..
Aluminus threw Updraft over his shoulder and ran to cover. Shear laid out some cover fire courtesty of her Energy charged Turbine Shuriken. We got more approaching hostiles! She fired off more rounds. Aluminus shook his head, either she was'nt making much sense or they were in a bit of a pickle. I'll call up Soultron and Skyscythe, Soundbyte anyone. Rename this sorry bucket of bolts. Shear kneeled down and caressed the faceplate of the unconscious Seeker. They were going to rebuild him, make him more He slowly stood up, growling like beast, hungry for battle.
Soultron is down, i don't know how bad he his, but he has destroyed Shockwave. All that left are his flunkies the Seekers. We can take these seekers head on. Aluminus You cover for her while she does that. He transforms into jet mode and supercharges his front nose cone. He pummels throught 2 seekers Destroying them. The other seekers Gather around.
Actor and voiceover artist, D. Douglas, announced on his twitter page that he is now repped by Abrams Artists Puebla F. International Academy is a football academy sponsored and supported by renowned professional football club -and three times Mexican champions- Puebla Under no Pick-up a copy today!
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